Correlation between angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and endurance performance of novice adolescent wrestlers

Pourrahim Ghouroghchi, Ameneh; SeyedKhandani, Nasrin; Dehghani, Mahrokh; Siahkohian, Maarefat

doi:10.22059/sshr.2023.344400.1060

Correlation between angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and endurance performance of novice adolescent wrestlers

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

¹ Professor Associate in Exercise Physiology, Dep. of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. ORCID: 0000-0003-3448-5950

² MS degree in Exercise Physiology, Dep. of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. ORCID: 0000-0003-4159-2340

³ Professor Associate in Motor Behavior, Dep. of Biomechanic and Motor Behavior, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. ORCID: 0000-0003-4190-9061

⁴ University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

10.22059/sshr.2023.344400.1060

Abstract

Background: Gene polymorphisms are related to athletic performance. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism is essential in identifying talent and guiding adolescents to appropriate sports.
Aim: The aim was to investigate the relationship between the angiotensin gene and endurance performance of novice adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil.
Materials and Methods: Subjects were 15 Amateur adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil (age: 13.07±1.53 years, height: 164.60±10.68 cm, weight: 60.14±6.32 kg, BMI: 22.22±4.98 kg/m²) with three-year wrestling. Chest and thigh muscle endurance, abdominal fat percentage and cardiovascular endurance, chest press, and squat muscle endurance were measured. ACE polymorphism was determined using tetra-ARMs polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared direct DNA sequencing in salivary samples. Chi-square and ANOVA were used to compare frequencies and their relationship with performance indicators.
Results: ACE DD genotype frequency was higher in novice adolescent wrestlers, and there was a significant difference between ACE polymorphism frequency (P=0.008). There was a significant difference between ACE genotype distribution with endurance performance of pectoral and triceps (P=0.004) muscles, body composition (P=0.0001), and Vo₂max (P=0.0001). There was a significant difference between body composition and Vo₂max of Amateur adolescent wrestlers with ACE DD (P=0.0001), ACE II (P=0.0001), and between body composition and Vo₂max with ACE II (P=0.0001), ACE DD (P=0.0001), and ACE ID (P=0.0001). In body composition, ACE II was significantly higher compared to ACE DD (P=0.0001) and compared to ACE ID (P=0.0001). Also, in Vo₂max, ACE II was significantly higher compared to ACE DD (P=0.0001) and compared to ACE ID (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: Findings showed the superiority of ACE DD polymorphism and its relationship with the endurance performance of novice adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil. ACE DD polymorphism is probably essential in wrestler success. Other research with more subjects and other genes is important.

Keywords

References

[1] Baker J, Wilson S, Johnston K, Dehghansai N, Koenigsberg A, Vegt S, et al. “Talent research in sport 1990–2018: A scoping review”. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 1(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607710.

[2] Yang N, MacArthur DG, Gulbin JP, Hahn AG, Beggs AH, Easteal S, North K. “ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance”. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003; 73(3): 627-31. doi: 10.1086/377590.

[3] Ildus IA, Emiliya SE, Leysan JG, Olga NF. “Genes and athletic performance: An update”. Medicine and Sport Science. 2016; 61: 41-54. doi: 10.1159/000445240.

[4] Ahmetov II, Naumov VA, Donnikov AE, Maciejewska-Karłowska A, Kostryukova ES, Larin AK, et al. “SOD2 gene polymorphism and muscle damage markers in elite athletes”. Free Radical Research. 2014; 48(8): 948-55. doi: 10.3109/10715762.2014.928410.

[5] Cam S, Colakoglu M, Colakoglu S, Sekuri C, Berdeli A. “ACE I/D gene polymorphism and aerobic endurance development in response to training in a non-elite female cohort”. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2007; 47(2): 234-8. PMID: 17557065.

[6] Nazarov IB, Woods DR, Montgomery HE, Shneider OV, Kazakov VI, Tomilin NV et al. “The angiotensin converting enzyme I/D polymorphism in Russian athletes”. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2001; 9(10): 797-801. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200711.

[7] Paulauskas A, Danileviciutė A, Povilaitis T, Poderis J. “Genetic variability associated with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism in sportsmen pursuing different sports. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B”. Natural Exact and Applied Sciences. 2009; 63(1-2): 9-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10046-009-0012-y.

[8] Costa AM, Silva AJ, Garrido ND, Louro H, Marinho DA, Marques MC and et al. “Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype affects skeletal muscle strength in elite athletes”. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2009; 8(3): 410-8. PMID: 24150005.

[9] Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Cambien F, Corvol P, Soubrier F. “An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels”. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1990; 86(4): 1343-6. doi: 10.1172/JCI114844.

[10] Hagberg JM, McCole SD, Brown MD, Ferrell RE, Wilund KR, Huberty A, et al. “ACE insertion/ deletion polymorphism and submaximal exercise hemodynamics in postmenopausal women”. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002; 92(3):1083-8. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00135.2001.

[11] Goh KP, Chew, K, Koh A, Guan M, Wong YS, Sum CF. “The relationship between ACE gene ID polymorphism and 295 aerobic capacity in Asian rugby players”. Singapore Medical Journal. 2009; 50(10): 997-1003. PMID: 19907891.

[12] Hazwani AY, Ahmad MCM. “Angiotensin‑converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion gene polymorphism across ethnicity: A narrative review of performance gene”. Sport Sciences for Health. 2001; 17(2): 1-24. doi: 10.1007/s11332-020-00712-9.

[13] Koitka A, Cooper ME, Thomas MC, Tikellis C. “Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the kidney”. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2008; 35(4): 420-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04889.x.

[14] Ma F, Yang Y, Li X, Zhou F, Gao C, Li M, Gao L. “The association of sport performance with ACE and ACTN3 genetic polymorphisms: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Plos One. 2013; 8(1): 1-9. e54685. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054685.

[15] Puthucheary Z, Skipworth JRA, Rawal J, Loosemore M, Someren KV, Montgomery HE. “Genetic influences in sport and physical performance”. Sports Medicine. 2011; 41(10): 845-59. doi: 10.2165/11593200-000000000-00000.

[16] Oliveira Rocha AW, Nascimento WM, Costa Oliveira CM, Pereira Neto JM, Nascimento OV, Santos JOL, et al. “Frequency of gene ACE I polymorphism I-D in athletes of different sports”. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 2010; 26(2): 107-12.

[17] Cerit M, Dalip M, Yildirim DM. “Genetics and athletics performance”. Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health. 2020; 9(2): 65-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.46733/PESH20920065c.

[18] Chaabene H, Negra Y, Bouguezzi R, Mkaouer B, Franchini E, Julio U, et al. “Physical and physiological attributes of wrestlers: An update”. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2017; 31(5): 1411-42. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001738.

[19] Jamshidi FS, Mirzeai B, Damirchi A. “Strength and conditioning practices of Iran Wrestling League strength and conditioning coaches”. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-Biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports. 2014; 18(8): 34-45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9761.

[20] Papadimitriou ID, Lucia A, Pitsiladis YP, Pushkarev VP, Dyatlov DA, Orekhov EF, et al. “ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants influence performance in elite sprinters: a multi-cohort study”. BMC Genomics. 2016 Apr; 17(1): 285. doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-2462-3.

[21] Grenda A, Leońska‐Duniec A, Kaczmarczyk M, Ficek K, Król P, Cięszczyk P, Żmijewski P. “Interaction between ACE I/D and ACTN3 R557X polymorphisms in polish competitive swimmers”. Journal of Human Kinetics. Section II‐ Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine. 2014; 42: 127‐36. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0067.

[22] Fallah A, Fallahmohammad Z, Behmanesh M, Gharakhanlou R, Alinaghizadeh M. “The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is associated with judo status in Iranian elite judo athletes”. Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2019; 14(28): 151-8. doi: 10.22080/JAEP.2019.13297.1705.

[23] Eynon N, Hanson ED, Lucia A, Houweling PJ, Garton F, North KN, et al. “Genes for elite power and sprint performance: ACTN3 leads the way”. Sport Medicine. 2013; 43(9): 803-17. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0059-4.

[24] Mirzaei SH, Siahkohian M, Afrounde R. Investigate the Relationship between ACTN3 Gene Polymorphism and Talent Identification Indices in Boy Adolescent Weightlifters in Ardabil City. Thesis for the degree of M.A., Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Applied Physiology. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. 2020.

[25] Desgorces FD, Berthelot G, Dietrich G, Testa M. “Local muscular endurance and prediction of 1 repetition maximum for bench in 4 athletic populations”. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2010; 24(2): 394-400. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7c72d.

[26] Isear JAJ, Erickson JC, Worrell TW. “EMG analysis of lower extremity muscle recruitment patterns during an unloaded squat”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1997; 29(4): 532-9. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199704000-00016.

[27] Charbonneau D. Association between ACE Genotype and Skeletal Muscle Strength and Volume, and Their Response to Strength Training in Older Adults. Masters of Arts, University of Maryland Thesis. 2007.

[28] Shleptsova VA, Malyuchenko NV, Kulikova MA, Timofeeva MA, Shchegolkova JV, Vedjakov AM, et al. “Role of renin-angiotensin system in the formation of emotional state in humans”. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2008; 145(4): 391-4. doi: 10.2174/0929866527666191223144000.

[29] Voroshin IN, Astratenkova IV. “Dependence of endurance performance on ACE gene polymorphism in athletes”. Human Physiology. 2008 Jan; 34(1): 117-9. doi: 10.1134/s0362119708010180.

[30] Arakawa H, Yamashita D, Arimitsu T, Sakae K, Shimizu S. “Anthropometric characteristics of elite Japanese female wrestlers”. International Journal of Wrestling Sciences. 2015; 5(1): 13-21. doi: 10.1080/21615667.2015.1028123.

[31] MacArthur DG, North KN. “ACTN3: A genetic influence on muscle function and athletic performance”. Exercise Sport Sciences Reviews. 2007; 35(1): 30-4. doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e31802d8874.

[32] MacArthur DG, North KN. “Genes and human elite athletic performance”. Human Genetics. 2005; 116(5): 3319. doi: 10.1007/s00439-005-1261-8.

[33] Hubner-Wozniak E, Kosmol A, Lutoslawska G, Bem EZ. “Anaerobic performance of arms and legs in male and female free style wrestlers”. The Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2004; 7(4): 473-80. doi: 10.1016/s1440-2440(04)80266-4.

[34] Franchini E, Del Vecchio FB, Matsushigue KA, Artioli GG. “Physiological profiles of elite judo athletes”. Sports Medicine. 2011; 41(2): 147-66. doi: 10.2165/11538580-000000000-00000.

[35] Gabriel Y, Alvesson M. “Beyond formulaic research: In praise of greater diversity in organizational research and publications”. Academy of Management Learning and Education. 2013; 12(2): 245-63. doi: 10.5465/amle.2012.327.

[36] Ben-Zaken S, Eliyakim A, Nemet D, Meckel Y. “Genetic variability among power athletes: The stronger vs, the faster”. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2019; 33(6): 1505-11. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001356.

[37] Aidar M, Line SRP. “A simple and cost-effective protocol for DNA isolation from buccal epithelial cells”. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2007; 18(2): 148-52. doi: 10.1590/s0103-64402007000200012.

[38] Cam S, Colakoglu M, Colakoglu S, Sekuri C, Berdeli A. “ACE I/D gene polymorphism and aerobic endurance development in response to training in a non‐elite female cohort”. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2007; 47(2): 234-8. PMID: 17557065.

[39] Charbonneau DE, Hanson ED, Ludlow AT, Delmonico MJ, Hurley BF, Roth SM. “ACE genotype and the muscle hypertrophic and strength responses to strength training”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2008; 40(4): 677-83. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318161eab9.

[40] Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. “The human gene map for performance and health‐related fitness phenotypes: The 2006‐2007 update”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2009; 41(1): 35-73. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181844179.

[41] Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Rubin MR, Triplett-McBride T, Gordon SE, Koziris LP, et al. “Physiological and performance responses to tournament wrestling”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2001; 33(8): 1367-78. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200108000-00019.

Article View: 55
PDF Download: 272

Correlation between angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and endurance performance of novice adolescent wrestlers

References

[1] Baker J, Wilson S, Johnston K, Dehghansai N, Koenigsberg A, Vegt S, et al. “Talent research in sport 1990–2018: A scoping review”. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 1(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607710.

[2] Yang N, MacArthur DG, Gulbin JP, Hahn AG, Beggs AH, Easteal S, North K. “ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance”. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003; 73(3): 627-31. doi: 10.1086/377590.

[3] Ildus IA, Emiliya SE, Leysan JG, Olga NF. “Genes and athletic performance: An update”. Medicine and Sport Science. 2016; 61: 41-54. doi: 10.1159/000445240.

[4] Ahmetov II, Naumov VA, Donnikov AE, Maciejewska-Karłowska A, Kostryukova ES, Larin AK, et al. “SOD2 gene polymorphism and muscle damage markers in elite athletes”. Free Radical Research. 2014; 48(8): 948-55. doi: 10.3109/10715762.2014.928410.

[5] Cam S, Colakoglu M, Colakoglu S, Sekuri C, Berdeli A. “ACE I/D gene polymorphism and aerobic endurance development in response to training in a non-elite female cohort”. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2007; 47(2): 234-8. PMID: 17557065.

[6] Nazarov IB, Woods DR, Montgomery HE, Shneider OV, Kazakov VI, Tomilin NV et al. “The angiotensin converting enzyme I/D polymorphism in Russian athletes”. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2001; 9(10): 797-801. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200711.

[8] Costa AM, Silva AJ, Garrido ND, Louro H, Marinho DA, Marques MC and et al. “Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype affects skeletal muscle strength in elite athletes”. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2009; 8(3): 410-8. PMID: 24150005.

[9] Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Cambien F, Corvol P, Soubrier F. “An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels”. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1990; 86(4): 1343-6. doi: 10.1172/JCI114844.

[10] Hagberg JM, McCole SD, Brown MD, Ferrell RE, Wilund KR, Huberty A, et al. “ACE insertion/ deletion polymorphism and submaximal exercise hemodynamics in postmenopausal women”. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002; 92(3):1083-8. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00135.2001.

[11] Goh KP, Chew, K, Koh A, Guan M, Wong YS, Sum CF. “The relationship between ACE gene ID polymorphism and 295 aerobic capacity in Asian rugby players”. Singapore Medical Journal. 2009; 50(10): 997-1003. PMID: 19907891.

[12] Hazwani AY, Ahmad MCM. “Angiotensin‑converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion gene polymorphism across ethnicity: A narrative review of performance gene”. Sport Sciences for Health. 2001; 17(2): 1-24. doi: 10.1007/s11332-020-00712-9.

[13] Koitka A, Cooper ME, Thomas MC, Tikellis C. “Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the kidney”. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2008; 35(4): 420-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04889.x.

[14] Ma F, Yang Y, Li X, Zhou F, Gao C, Li M, Gao L. “The association of sport performance with ACE and ACTN3 genetic polymorphisms: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Plos One. 2013; 8(1): 1-9. e54685. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054685.

[15] Puthucheary Z, Skipworth JRA, Rawal J, Loosemore M, Someren KV, Montgomery HE. “Genetic influences in sport and physical performance”. Sports Medicine. 2011; 41(10): 845-59. doi: 10.2165/11593200-000000000-00000.

[16] Oliveira Rocha AW, Nascimento WM, Costa Oliveira CM, Pereira Neto JM, Nascimento OV, Santos JOL, et al. “Frequency of gene ACE I polymorphism I-D in athletes of different sports”. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 2010; 26(2): 107-12.

[17] Cerit M, Dalip M, Yildirim DM. “Genetics and athletics performance”. Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health. 2020; 9(2): 65-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.46733/PESH20920065c.

[18] Chaabene H, Negra Y, Bouguezzi R, Mkaouer B, Franchini E, Julio U, et al. “Physical and physiological attributes of wrestlers: An update”. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2017; 31(5): 1411-42. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001738.

[19] Jamshidi FS, Mirzeai B, Damirchi A. “Strength and conditioning practices of Iran Wrestling League strength and conditioning coaches”. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-Biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports. 2014; 18(8): 34-45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9761.

[20] Papadimitriou ID, Lucia A, Pitsiladis YP, Pushkarev VP, Dyatlov DA, Orekhov EF, et al. “ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants influence performance in elite sprinters: a multi-cohort study”. BMC Genomics. 2016 Apr; 17(1): 285. doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-2462-3.

[22] Fallah A, Fallahmohammad Z, Behmanesh M, Gharakhanlou R, Alinaghizadeh M. “The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is associated with judo status in Iranian elite judo athletes”. Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2019; 14(28): 151-8. doi: 10.22080/JAEP.2019.13297.1705.

[23] Eynon N, Hanson ED, Lucia A, Houweling PJ, Garton F, North KN, et al. “Genes for elite power and sprint performance: ACTN3 leads the way”. Sport Medicine. 2013; 43(9): 803-17. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0059-4.

[25] Desgorces FD, Berthelot G, Dietrich G, Testa M. “Local muscular endurance and prediction of 1 repetition maximum for bench in 4 athletic populations”. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2010; 24(2): 394-400. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7c72d.

[26] Isear JAJ, Erickson JC, Worrell TW. “EMG analysis of lower extremity muscle recruitment patterns during an unloaded squat”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1997; 29(4): 532-9. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199704000-00016.

[27] Charbonneau D. Association between ACE Genotype and Skeletal Muscle Strength and Volume, and Their Response to Strength Training in Older Adults. Masters of Arts, University of Maryland Thesis. 2007.

[28] Shleptsova VA, Malyuchenko NV, Kulikova MA, Timofeeva MA, Shchegolkova JV, Vedjakov AM, et al. “Role of renin-angiotensin system in the formation of emotional state in humans”. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2008; 145(4): 391-4. doi: 10.2174/0929866527666191223144000.

[29] Voroshin IN, Astratenkova IV. “Dependence of endurance performance on ACE gene polymorphism in athletes”. Human Physiology. 2008 Jan; 34(1): 117-9. doi: 10.1134/s0362119708010180.

[30] Arakawa H, Yamashita D, Arimitsu T, Sakae K, Shimizu S. “Anthropometric characteristics of elite Japanese female wrestlers”. International Journal of Wrestling Sciences. 2015; 5(1): 13-21. doi: 10.1080/21615667.2015.1028123.

[31] MacArthur DG, North KN. “ACTN3: A genetic influence on muscle function and athletic performance”. Exercise Sport Sciences Reviews. 2007; 35(1): 30-4. doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e31802d8874.

[32] MacArthur DG, North KN. “Genes and human elite athletic performance”. Human Genetics. 2005; 116(5): 3319. doi: 10.1007/s00439-005-1261-8.

[33] Hubner-Wozniak E, Kosmol A, Lutoslawska G, Bem EZ. “Anaerobic performance of arms and legs in male and female free style wrestlers”. The Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2004; 7(4): 473-80. doi: 10.1016/s1440-2440(04)80266-4.

[34] Franchini E, Del Vecchio FB, Matsushigue KA, Artioli GG. “Physiological profiles of elite judo athletes”. Sports Medicine. 2011; 41(2): 147-66. doi: 10.2165/11538580-000000000-00000.

[35] Gabriel Y, Alvesson M. “Beyond formulaic research: In praise of greater diversity in organizational research and publications”. Academy of Management Learning and Education. 2013; 12(2): 245-63. doi: 10.5465/amle.2012.327.

[36] Ben-Zaken S, Eliyakim A, Nemet D, Meckel Y. “Genetic variability among power athletes: The stronger vs, the faster”. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2019; 33(6): 1505-11. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001356.

[37] Aidar M, Line SRP. “A simple and cost-effective protocol for DNA isolation from buccal epithelial cells”. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2007; 18(2): 148-52. doi: 10.1590/s0103-64402007000200012.

[38] Cam S, Colakoglu M, Colakoglu S, Sekuri C, Berdeli A. “ACE I/D gene polymorphism and aerobic endurance development in response to training in a non‐elite female cohort”. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2007; 47(2): 234-8. PMID: 17557065.

[39] Charbonneau DE, Hanson ED, Ludlow AT, Delmonico MJ, Hurley BF, Roth SM. “ACE genotype and the muscle hypertrophic and strength responses to strength training”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2008; 40(4): 677-83. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318161eab9.

[40] Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. “The human gene map for performance and health‐related fitness phenotypes: The 2006‐2007 update”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2009; 41(1): 35-73. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181844179.

[41] Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Rubin MR, Triplett-McBride T, Gordon SE, Koziris LP, et al. “Physiological and performance responses to tournament wrestling”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2001; 33(8): 1367-78. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200108000-00019.

Volume 14, Issue 1January 2022Pages 23-35

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics

Volume 14, Issue 1
January 2022
Pages 23-35