A systematic review of validity and reliability assessment of measuring Spasticity Evaluation Tool and Wheelchair Skills Tests at the level of international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) in people with spinal cord injury

Hosseinzadeh, Zahra; Karimizadeh Ardakani, Mohammad; Minoonejad, Hooman

doi:10.22059/sshr.2024.371245.1120

A systematic review of validity and reliability assessment of measuring Spasticity Evaluation Tool and Wheelchair Skills Tests at the level of international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) in people with spinal cord injury

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

¹ MSc Adapted Physical Education, Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

² Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.22059/sshr.2024.371245.1120

Abstract

Background: Assessment of spasticity and wheelchair skills performance is important in both clinical practice and research.
Aim: The present study aimed to systematically review the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of outcome measures used to assess spasticity and wheelchair skill tests in people with spinal cord injury.
Materials and Methods: A search was conducted using terms through PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Related articles included measures of spinal cord injury patients published in English from 2010 to 2021.To determine the publication quality of studies COSMIN checklist was used.
Results: A total of 2150 potentially eligible studies were retrieved from four databases. The remaining 20 full-text studies were retrieved for complete review. Finally, 12 studies involving a total of 658 participants were included in the systematic review.
Conclusion: Ethical, safety, and psychological issues were considered during the test for people with disabilities. According to previous studies, the Spasticity Evaluation Tool has been suggested as a reliable tool for assessing spasticity in SCI subjects. However, due to the variety of tests and the elimination of selected tools, wheelchair skills tests cannot be recommended.

Keywords

References

[1] Kirchberger I, Sinnott A, Charlifue S, Kovindha A, Lüthi H, Campbell R, et al. “Functioning and disability in spinal cord injury from the consumer perspective: an international qualitative study using focus groups and the ICF”. Spinal Cord. 2010; 48(8): 603-13. doi: 10.1038/sc.2009.184.

[2] Rahimi-Movaghar V, Saadat S, Rasouli MR, Ganji S, Ghahramani M, Zarei MR, et al. “Prevalence of spinal cord injury in Tehran, Iran”. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 2009; 32(4): 428-31. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2009.11754572.

[3] Venkatesh K, Ghosh SK, Mullick M, Manivasagam G, Sen D. “Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, treatment strategies, associated challenges, and future implications”. Cell and Tissue Research. 2019; 377(2): 125-51. doi: 10.1007/s00441-019-03039-1.

[4] Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. “Traumatic spinal cord injury: An overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms”. Frontiers in Neurology. 2019; 10: 282. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00282.

[5] Hamid R, Averbeck MA, Chiang H, Garcia A, Al Mousa RT, Oh SJ, et al. “Epidemiology and pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury”. World Journal of Urology. 2018; 36(10): 1517-27. doi: 10.1007/s00345-018-2301-z.

[6] Cowan RE, Nash MS, de Groot S, van der Woude LH. “Adapted manual wheelchair circuit: test-retest reliability and discriminative validity in persons with spinal cord injury”. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2011; 92(8): 1270-80. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.03.010.

[7] Patek M, Stewart M. “Spinal cord injury”. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2020; 21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2020.05.006

[8] Keeler L, Kirby RL, Parker K, McLean KD, Hayden JA. “Effectiveness of the wheelchair skills training program: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology. 2019; 14(4): 391-409. doi: 10.1080/17483107.2018.1456566.

[9] Andone I, Onose G, Avramescu V, Cardei V, Orăşanu C. “Assumptions and conceptual contributions to improve the global assistive performance of actual wheelchairs, in order to enhance the users' autonomy and quality of life”. Journal of Medicine and Life. 2012; 5(Spec Issue): 86-94.

[10] Fliess-Douer O, Vanlandewijck YC, Lubel Manor G, Van Der Woude LH. “A systematic review of wheelchair skills tests for manual wheelchair users with a spinal cord injury: Towards a standardized outcome measure”. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2010; 24(10): 867-86. doi: 10.1177/0269215510367981.

[11] Alexander MS, Anderson KD, Biering-Sorensen F, Blight AR, Brannon R, Bryce TN, et al. “Outcome measures in spinal cord injury: recent assessments and recommendations for future directions”. Spinal Cord. 2009; 47(8): 582-91. doi: 10.1038/sc.2009.18.

[12] Adams MM, Hicks AL. “Spasticity after spinal cord injury”. Spinal Cord. 2005; 43(10): 577-86. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101757.

[13] Kilkens OJ, Post MW, Dallmeijer AJ, Seelen HA, van der Woude LH. “Wheelchair skills tests: A systematic review”. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2003; 17(4): 418-30. doi: 10.1191/0269215503cr633oa.

[14] Furlan JC, Noonan V, Singh A, Fehlings MG. “Assessment of impairment in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the literature”. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2011; 28(8): 1445-77. doi: 10.1089/neu.2009.1152.

[15] Christopher A, Kraft E, Olenick H, Kiesling R, Doty A. “The reliability and validity of the Timed Up and Go as a clinical tool in individuals with and without disabilities across A lifespan: a systematic review”. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2021; 43(13): 1799-813. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1682066.

[16] Pradon D, Pinsault N, Zory R, Routhier F. “Could mobilty performance measures be used to evaluate wheelchair skills?”. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2012; 44(3): 276-9. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0919.

[17] Lam T, Noonan VK, Eng JJ. “A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury”. Spinal Cord. 2008; 46(4): 246-54. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3102134.

[18] Mills PB, Vakil AP, Phillips C, Kei L, Kwon BK. “Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the Penn spasm frequency scale in people with chronic traumatic spinal cord injury”. Spinal Cord. 2018; 56(6): 569-74. doi: 10.1038/s41393-018-0063-5.

[19] Çulha C, Unsal S, Egüz P, Kulakli F, Özel S. “Spasticity in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury: From the patients’ and physicians’ perspective”. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2017; 63: 23-30. doi: 10.5606/tftrd.2017.08634.

[20] Akpinar P, Atici A, Ozkan FU, Aktas I, Kulcu DG, Sarı A, et al. “Reliability of the modified Ashworth scale and modified tardieu scale in patients with spinal cord injuries”. Spinal Cord. 2017; 55(10): 944-9. doi: 10.1038/sc.2017.48.

[21] Bohannon RW, Smith MB. “Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity”. Physical Therapy. 1987; 67(2): 206-7. doi: 10.1093/ptj/67.2.206.

[22] Adams MM, Ginis KA, Hicks AL. “The spinal cord injury spasticity evaluation tool: Development and evaluation”. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2007; 88(9): 1185-92. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.06.012.

[23] de Groot S, Bevers GE, Dallmeijer AJ, Post MW, van Kuppevelt HJ, van der Woude LH. “Development and validation of prognostic models designed to predict wheelchair skills at discharge from spinal cord injury rehabilitation”. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2010; 24(2): 168-80. doi: 10.1177/0269215509343248.

[24] Curtis KA, Roach KE, Applegate EB, Amar T, Benbow CS, Genecco TD, et al. “Reliability and validity of the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI)”. Paraplegia. 1995; 33(10): 595-601. doi: 10.1038/sc.1995.126.

[25] Routhier F, Vincent C, Desrosiers J, Nadeau S, Guerette C. “Development of an obstacle course assessment of wheelchair user performance (OCAWUP): A content validity study”. Technology and Disability. 2004; 16: 19-31. doi: 10.3233/TAD-2004-16103

[26] Kilkens OJ, Post MW, van der Woude LH, Dallmeijer AJ, van den Heuvel WJ. “The wheelchair circuit: Reliability of a test to assess mobility in persons with spinal cord injuries”. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002; 83(12): 1783-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2002.36066.

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[28] Soares Menezes KVR, Auger C, de Souza Menezes WR, Guerra RO. “Instruments to evaluate mobility capacity of older adults during hospitalization: A systematic review”. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2017; 72: 67-79. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2017.05.009.

[29] Terwee CB, Mokkink LB, Knol DL, Ostelo RWJG, Bouter LM, de Vet HCW. “Rating the methodological quality in systematic reviews of studies on measurement properties: A scoring system for the COSMIN checklist”. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. 2012; 21(4): 651-7. doi: 10.1007/s11136-011-9960-1.

[30] Bobak CA, Barr PJ, O’Malley AJ. “Estimation of an inter-rater intra-class correlation coefficient that overcomes common assumption violations in the assessment of health measurement scales”. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2018; 18(1): 93. doi: 10.1186/s12874-018-0550-6.

[31] de Barros Ahrens R, da Silva Lirani L, de Francisco AC. “Construct validity and reliability of the work environment assessment instrument WE-10”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207364.

[32] Ribeiro Neto F, Costa RRG, Lopes ACG, Carregaro RL. “Cross-cultural validation of a Brazilian version of the adapted manual wheelchair circuit (AMWC-Brazil)”. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2019; 35(9): 860-72. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1458356.

[33] Passuni D, Dalzotto E, C FG, Buffetti E, Elizalde M, Jarmoluk V, et al. “Reliability of the Spanish version of the wheelchair skills test 4.2 for manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury”. Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology. 2019; 14(8): 788-91. doi: 10.1080/17483107.2018.1463404.

[34] Mishra C, Ganesh GS. “Inter-rater reliability of modified modified Ashworth scale in the assessment of plantar flexor muscle spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury”. Physiotherapy Research International: The Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy. 2014; 19(4): 231-7. doi: 10.1002/pri.1588.

[35] Baunsgaard CB, Nissen UV, Christensen KB, Biering-Sørensen F. “Modified Ashworth scale and spasm frequency score in spinal cord injury: reliability and correlation”. Spinal Cord. 2016; 54(9): 702-8. doi: 10.1038/sc.2015.230.

[36] Akpinar P, Atici A, Kurt KN, Ozkan FU, Aktas I, Kulcu DG. “Reliability and cross-cultural adaptation of the Turkish version of the Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Evaluation Tool”. Int J Rehabil Res. 2017; 40(2):152-7. doi: 10.1097/mrr.0000000000000223.

[37] Ansari NN, Kashi M, Naghdi S. “The spinal cord injury spasticity evaluation tool: A Persian adaptation and validation study”. J Spinal Cord Med. 2017; 40(4): 380-8. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1195941.

[38] Craven BC, Morris AR. “Modified Ashworth scale reliability for measurement of lower extremity spasticity among patients with SCI”. Spinal Cord. 2010; 48(3): 207-13. doi: 10.1038/sc.2009.107.

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A systematic review of validity and reliability assessment of measuring Spasticity Evaluation Tool and Wheelchair Skills Tests at the level of international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) in people with spinal cord injury

References

[1] Kirchberger I, Sinnott A, Charlifue S, Kovindha A, Lüthi H, Campbell R, et al. “Functioning and disability in spinal cord injury from the consumer perspective: an international qualitative study using focus groups and the ICF”. Spinal Cord. 2010; 48(8): 603-13. doi: 10.1038/sc.2009.184.

[2] Rahimi-Movaghar V, Saadat S, Rasouli MR, Ganji S, Ghahramani M, Zarei MR, et al. “Prevalence of spinal cord injury in Tehran, Iran”. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 2009; 32(4): 428-31. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2009.11754572.

[3] Venkatesh K, Ghosh SK, Mullick M, Manivasagam G, Sen D. “Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, treatment strategies, associated challenges, and future implications”. Cell and Tissue Research. 2019; 377(2): 125-51. doi: 10.1007/s00441-019-03039-1.

[4] Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. “Traumatic spinal cord injury: An overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms”. Frontiers in Neurology. 2019; 10: 282. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00282.

[5] Hamid R, Averbeck MA, Chiang H, Garcia A, Al Mousa RT, Oh SJ, et al. “Epidemiology and pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury”. World Journal of Urology. 2018; 36(10): 1517-27. doi: 10.1007/s00345-018-2301-z.

[6] Cowan RE, Nash MS, de Groot S, van der Woude LH. “Adapted manual wheelchair circuit: test-retest reliability and discriminative validity in persons with spinal cord injury”. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2011; 92(8): 1270-80. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.03.010.

[7] Patek M, Stewart M. “Spinal cord injury”. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2020; 21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2020.05.006

[8] Keeler L, Kirby RL, Parker K, McLean KD, Hayden JA. “Effectiveness of the wheelchair skills training program: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology. 2019; 14(4): 391-409. doi: 10.1080/17483107.2018.1456566.

[9] Andone I, Onose G, Avramescu V, Cardei V, Orăşanu C. “Assumptions and conceptual contributions to improve the global assistive performance of actual wheelchairs, in order to enhance the users' autonomy and quality of life”. Journal of Medicine and Life. 2012; 5(Spec Issue): 86-94.

[10] Fliess-Douer O, Vanlandewijck YC, Lubel Manor G, Van Der Woude LH. “A systematic review of wheelchair skills tests for manual wheelchair users with a spinal cord injury: Towards a standardized outcome measure”. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2010; 24(10): 867-86. doi: 10.1177/0269215510367981.

[11] Alexander MS, Anderson KD, Biering-Sorensen F, Blight AR, Brannon R, Bryce TN, et al. “Outcome measures in spinal cord injury: recent assessments and recommendations for future directions”. Spinal Cord. 2009; 47(8): 582-91. doi: 10.1038/sc.2009.18.

[12] Adams MM, Hicks AL. “Spasticity after spinal cord injury”. Spinal Cord. 2005; 43(10): 577-86. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101757.

[13] Kilkens OJ, Post MW, Dallmeijer AJ, Seelen HA, van der Woude LH. “Wheelchair skills tests: A systematic review”. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2003; 17(4): 418-30. doi: 10.1191/0269215503cr633oa.

[14] Furlan JC, Noonan V, Singh A, Fehlings MG. “Assessment of impairment in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the literature”. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2011; 28(8): 1445-77. doi: 10.1089/neu.2009.1152.

[16] Pradon D, Pinsault N, Zory R, Routhier F. “Could mobilty performance measures be used to evaluate wheelchair skills?”. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2012; 44(3): 276-9. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0919.

[17] Lam T, Noonan VK, Eng JJ. “A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury”. Spinal Cord. 2008; 46(4): 246-54. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3102134.

[18] Mills PB, Vakil AP, Phillips C, Kei L, Kwon BK. “Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the Penn spasm frequency scale in people with chronic traumatic spinal cord injury”. Spinal Cord. 2018; 56(6): 569-74. doi: 10.1038/s41393-018-0063-5.

[19] Çulha C, Unsal S, Egüz P, Kulakli F, Özel S. “Spasticity in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury: From the patients’ and physicians’ perspective”. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2017; 63: 23-30. doi: 10.5606/tftrd.2017.08634.

[20] Akpinar P, Atici A, Ozkan FU, Aktas I, Kulcu DG, Sarı A, et al. “Reliability of the modified Ashworth scale and modified tardieu scale in patients with spinal cord injuries”. Spinal Cord. 2017; 55(10): 944-9. doi: 10.1038/sc.2017.48.

[21] Bohannon RW, Smith MB. “Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity”. Physical Therapy. 1987; 67(2): 206-7. doi: 10.1093/ptj/67.2.206.

[22] Adams MM, Ginis KA, Hicks AL. “The spinal cord injury spasticity evaluation tool: Development and evaluation”. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2007; 88(9): 1185-92. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.06.012.

[24] Curtis KA, Roach KE, Applegate EB, Amar T, Benbow CS, Genecco TD, et al. “Reliability and validity of the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI)”. Paraplegia. 1995; 33(10): 595-601. doi: 10.1038/sc.1995.126.

[25] Routhier F, Vincent C, Desrosiers J, Nadeau S, Guerette C. “Development of an obstacle course assessment of wheelchair user performance (OCAWUP): A content validity study”. Technology and Disability. 2004; 16: 19-31. doi: 10.3233/TAD-2004-16103

[28] Soares Menezes KVR, Auger C, de Souza Menezes WR, Guerra RO. “Instruments to evaluate mobility capacity of older adults during hospitalization: A systematic review”. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2017; 72: 67-79. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2017.05.009.

[30] Bobak CA, Barr PJ, O’Malley AJ. “Estimation of an inter-rater intra-class correlation coefficient that overcomes common assumption violations in the assessment of health measurement scales”. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2018; 18(1): 93. doi: 10.1186/s12874-018-0550-6.

[31] de Barros Ahrens R, da Silva Lirani L, de Francisco AC. “Construct validity and reliability of the work environment assessment instrument WE-10”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207364.

[32] Ribeiro Neto F, Costa RRG, Lopes ACG, Carregaro RL. “Cross-cultural validation of a Brazilian version of the adapted manual wheelchair circuit (AMWC-Brazil)”. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2019; 35(9): 860-72. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1458356.

[35] Baunsgaard CB, Nissen UV, Christensen KB, Biering-Sørensen F. “Modified Ashworth scale and spasm frequency score in spinal cord injury: reliability and correlation”. Spinal Cord. 2016; 54(9): 702-8. doi: 10.1038/sc.2015.230.

[36] Akpinar P, Atici A, Kurt KN, Ozkan FU, Aktas I, Kulcu DG. “Reliability and cross-cultural adaptation of the Turkish version of the Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Evaluation Tool”. Int J Rehabil Res. 2017; 40(2):152-7. doi: 10.1097/mrr.0000000000000223.

[37] Ansari NN, Kashi M, Naghdi S. “The spinal cord injury spasticity evaluation tool: A Persian adaptation and validation study”. J Spinal Cord Med. 2017; 40(4): 380-8. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1195941.

[38] Craven BC, Morris AR. “Modified Ashworth scale reliability for measurement of lower extremity spasticity among patients with SCI”. Spinal Cord. 2010; 48(3): 207-13. doi: 10.1038/sc.2009.107.

Volume 15, Issue 2
July 2023
Pages 203-217

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A systematic review of validity and reliability assessment of measuring Spasticity Evaluation Tool and Wheelchair Skills Tests at the level of international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) in people with spinal cord injury

References

[1] Kirchberger I, Sinnott A, Charlifue S, Kovindha A, Lüthi H, Campbell R, et al. “Functioning and disability in spinal cord injury from the consumer perspective: an international qualitative study using focus groups and the ICF”. Spinal Cord. 2010; 48(8): 603-13. doi: 10.1038/sc.2009.184.

[2] Rahimi-Movaghar V, Saadat S, Rasouli MR, Ganji S, Ghahramani M, Zarei MR, et al. “Prevalence of spinal cord injury in Tehran, Iran”. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 2009; 32(4): 428-31. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2009.11754572.

[3] Venkatesh K, Ghosh SK, Mullick M, Manivasagam G, Sen D. “Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, treatment strategies, associated challenges, and future implications”. Cell and Tissue Research. 2019; 377(2): 125-51. doi: 10.1007/s00441-019-03039-1.

[4] Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. “Traumatic spinal cord injury: An overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms”. Frontiers in Neurology. 2019; 10: 282. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00282.

[5] Hamid R, Averbeck MA, Chiang H, Garcia A, Al Mousa RT, Oh SJ, et al. “Epidemiology and pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury”. World Journal of Urology. 2018; 36(10): 1517-27. doi: 10.1007/s00345-018-2301-z.

[6] Cowan RE, Nash MS, de Groot S, van der Woude LH. “Adapted manual wheelchair circuit: test-retest reliability and discriminative validity in persons with spinal cord injury”. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2011; 92(8): 1270-80. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.03.010.

[7] Patek M, Stewart M. “Spinal cord injury”. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2020; 21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2020.05.006

[8] Keeler L, Kirby RL, Parker K, McLean KD, Hayden JA. “Effectiveness of the wheelchair skills training program: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology. 2019; 14(4): 391-409. doi: 10.1080/17483107.2018.1456566.

[9] Andone I, Onose G, Avramescu V, Cardei V, Orăşanu C. “Assumptions and conceptual contributions to improve the global assistive performance of actual wheelchairs, in order to enhance the users' autonomy and quality of life”. Journal of Medicine and Life. 2012; 5(Spec Issue): 86-94.

[10] Fliess-Douer O, Vanlandewijck YC, Lubel Manor G, Van Der Woude LH. “A systematic review of wheelchair skills tests for manual wheelchair users with a spinal cord injury: Towards a standardized outcome measure”. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2010; 24(10): 867-86. doi: 10.1177/0269215510367981.

[11] Alexander MS, Anderson KD, Biering-Sorensen F, Blight AR, Brannon R, Bryce TN, et al. “Outcome measures in spinal cord injury: recent assessments and recommendations for future directions”. Spinal Cord. 2009; 47(8): 582-91. doi: 10.1038/sc.2009.18.

[12] Adams MM, Hicks AL. “Spasticity after spinal cord injury”. Spinal Cord. 2005; 43(10): 577-86. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101757.

[13] Kilkens OJ, Post MW, Dallmeijer AJ, Seelen HA, van der Woude LH. “Wheelchair skills tests: A systematic review”. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2003; 17(4): 418-30. doi: 10.1191/0269215503cr633oa.

[14] Furlan JC, Noonan V, Singh A, Fehlings MG. “Assessment of impairment in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the literature”. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2011; 28(8): 1445-77. doi: 10.1089/neu.2009.1152.

[16] Pradon D, Pinsault N, Zory R, Routhier F. “Could mobilty performance measures be used to evaluate wheelchair skills?”. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2012; 44(3): 276-9. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0919.

[17] Lam T, Noonan VK, Eng JJ. “A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury”. Spinal Cord. 2008; 46(4): 246-54. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3102134.

[18] Mills PB, Vakil AP, Phillips C, Kei L, Kwon BK. “Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the Penn spasm frequency scale in people with chronic traumatic spinal cord injury”. Spinal Cord. 2018; 56(6): 569-74. doi: 10.1038/s41393-018-0063-5.

[19] Çulha C, Unsal S, Egüz P, Kulakli F, Özel S. “Spasticity in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury: From the patients’ and physicians’ perspective”. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2017; 63: 23-30. doi: 10.5606/tftrd.2017.08634.

[20] Akpinar P, Atici A, Ozkan FU, Aktas I, Kulcu DG, Sarı A, et al. “Reliability of the modified Ashworth scale and modified tardieu scale in patients with spinal cord injuries”. Spinal Cord. 2017; 55(10): 944-9. doi: 10.1038/sc.2017.48.

[21] Bohannon RW, Smith MB. “Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity”. Physical Therapy. 1987; 67(2): 206-7. doi: 10.1093/ptj/67.2.206.

[22] Adams MM, Ginis KA, Hicks AL. “The spinal cord injury spasticity evaluation tool: Development and evaluation”. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2007; 88(9): 1185-92. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.06.012.

[24] Curtis KA, Roach KE, Applegate EB, Amar T, Benbow CS, Genecco TD, et al. “Reliability and validity of the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI)”. Paraplegia. 1995; 33(10): 595-601. doi: 10.1038/sc.1995.126.

[25] Routhier F, Vincent C, Desrosiers J, Nadeau S, Guerette C. “Development of an obstacle course assessment of wheelchair user performance (OCAWUP): A content validity study”. Technology and Disability. 2004; 16: 19-31. doi: 10.3233/TAD-2004-16103

[28] Soares Menezes KVR, Auger C, de Souza Menezes WR, Guerra RO. “Instruments to evaluate mobility capacity of older adults during hospitalization: A systematic review”. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2017; 72: 67-79. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2017.05.009.

[30] Bobak CA, Barr PJ, O’Malley AJ. “Estimation of an inter-rater intra-class correlation coefficient that overcomes common assumption violations in the assessment of health measurement scales”. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2018; 18(1): 93. doi: 10.1186/s12874-018-0550-6.

[31] de Barros Ahrens R, da Silva Lirani L, de Francisco AC. “Construct validity and reliability of the work environment assessment instrument WE-10”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207364.

[32] Ribeiro Neto F, Costa RRG, Lopes ACG, Carregaro RL. “Cross-cultural validation of a Brazilian version of the adapted manual wheelchair circuit (AMWC-Brazil)”. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2019; 35(9): 860-72. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1458356.

[35] Baunsgaard CB, Nissen UV, Christensen KB, Biering-Sørensen F. “Modified Ashworth scale and spasm frequency score in spinal cord injury: reliability and correlation”. Spinal Cord. 2016; 54(9): 702-8. doi: 10.1038/sc.2015.230.

[36] Akpinar P, Atici A, Kurt KN, Ozkan FU, Aktas I, Kulcu DG. “Reliability and cross-cultural adaptation of the Turkish version of the Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Evaluation Tool”. Int J Rehabil Res. 2017; 40(2):152-7. doi: 10.1097/mrr.0000000000000223.

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Volume 15, Issue 2July 2023Pages 203-217

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Volume 15, Issue 2
July 2023
Pages 203-217